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| LT1166 Power Output Stage Automatic Bias System FEATURES s s s s s s s s DESCRIPTION The LT(R)1166 is a bias generating system for controlling class AB output current in high powered amplifiers. When connected with external transistors, the circuit becomes a unity-gain voltage follower. The LT1166 is ideally suited for driving power MOSFET devices because it eliminates all quiescent current adjustments and critical transistor matching. Multiple output stages using the LT1166 can be paralleled to obtain higher output current. Thermal runaway of the quiescent point is eliminated because the bias system senses the current in each power transistor by using a small external sense resistor. A high speed regulator loop controls the amount of drive applied to each power device. The LT1166 can be biased from a pair of resistors or current sources and because it operates on the drive voltage to the output transistors, it operates on any supply voltage. , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. Set Class AB Bias Currents Eliminates Adjustments Eliminates Thermal Runaway of IQ Corrects for Device Mismatch Simplifies Heat Sinking Programmable Current Limit May Be Paralleled for Higher Current Small SO-8 or PDIP Package APPLICATIONS s s s s Biasing Power MOSFETs High Voltage Amplifiers Shaker Table Amplifiers Audio Power Amplifiers TYPICAL APPLICATION R1 MPS2907 100 2N2907 1 ITOP = 15mA 5.6k VTOP SENSE+ ILIM+ 4.3k VIN 2 8 7 1k 1F VIN LT1166 VOUT ILIM- SENSE- VBOTTOM 4 IBOTTOM = 15mA 2N2222 R4 100 MPS2222 47 3 1F 1k RSENSE+ 0.33 VOUT RSENSE- 0.33 1 47 15V R2 100 IRF530 300pF Unity Gain Buffer Amp Driving 1 Load + 220F INPUT 6 5 OUTPUT R3 100 300pF -15V IRF9530 1166 * TA01 220F 1166 * F01 Figure 1. Unity Gain Buffer with Current Limit U + U U 0V 0V 1 LT1166 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Supply Current (Pin 1 or Pin 4) ............................ 75mA Differential Voltage (Pin 2 to Pin 3) ......................... 6V Output Short-Circuit Duration (Note 1) ......... Continuous Specified Temperature Range (Note 2) ........ 0C to 70C Operating Temperature Range ................ - 40C to 85C Storage Temperature Range ................. - 65C to 150C Junction Temperature (Note 3) ............................ 150C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................. 300C PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION TOP VIEW VTOP 1 VIN 2 VOUT 3 VBOTTOM 4 N8 PACKAGE 8-LEAD PDIP +1 8 7 6 5 SENSE ILIM + ILIM - SENSE - + ORDER PART NUMBER LT1166CN8 LT1166CS8 S8 PART MARKING 1166 S8 PACKAGE 8-LEAD PLASTIC SO TJMAX = 150C, JA = 100C/ W (N8) TJMAX = 150C, JA = 150C/ W (S8) Consult factory for Industrial and Military grade parts. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Pin 1 = 2V, Pin 4 = - 2V, Operating current 15mA and RIN = 20k, unless otherwise specified. PARAMETER Output Offset Voltage Input Bias Current Input Resistance VAB (Top) VAB (Bottom) Voltage Compliance Current Compliance Transconductance gmCC2 gmEE2 gmCC10 gmEE10 PSRRCC PSRREE Current Limit Voltage CONDITIONS Operating Current 15mA to 50mA Operating Current 15mA to 50mA (Note 4) Operating Current 15mA to 50mA (Note 5) Measure Pin 8 to Pin 3, No Load Measure Pin 5 to Pin 3, No Load Operating Current = 50mA (Notes 6, 9) Operating Voltage = 2V (Note 7) Pin 1 = 2V, Pin 4 = - 2V Pin 1 = 2V, Pin 4 = - 2V Pin 1 = 10V, Pin 4 = - 10V Pin 1 = 10V, Pin 4 = - 10V (Note 8) (Note 8) Operating Current 15mA to 50mA Pin 7 Voltage to Pin 3 Pin 6 Voltage to Pin 3 MIN q q q q q q q q q 2 14 - 14 2 4 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 TYP 50 2 15 20 - 20 MAX 250 10 26 - 26 10 50 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.16 UNITS mV A M mV mV V mA mho mho mho mho dB dB V V 0.100 0.100 0.125 0.125 19 19 1.3 - 1.3 q q 1.0 - 1.0 1.5 - 1.5 The q denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range. Note 1: External power devices may require heat sinking. Note 2: Commercial grade parts are designed to operate over the temperature range of - 40C to 85C but are neither tested nor guaranteed beyond 0C to 70C. Industrial grade parts specified and tested over - 40C and 85C are available on special request, consult factory. Note 3: TJ calculated from the ambient temperature TA and the power dissipation PD according to the following formulas: LT1166CN8: TJ = TA + (PD * 100C/W) LT1166CS8: TJ = TA + (PD * 150C/W) Note 4: ITOP = IBOTTOM Note 5: The input resistance is typically 15M when the loop is closed. When the loop is open (current limit) the input resistance drops to 200 referred to Pin 3. Note 6: Maximum TJ can be exceeded with 50mA operating current and simultaneous 10V and - 10V (20V total). Note 7: Apply 200mV to Pin 2 and measure current change in Pin 1 and 4. Pin 3 is grounded. Note 8: PSRRCC = gmCC2 - gmCC10 gm CC2 PSRREE = gmEE2 - gmEE10 gm EE2 Note 9: For Linear Operation, Pin 1 must not be less than 2V or more than 10V from Pin 3. Similarly, Pin 4 must not be less than 2V or more than 10V from Pin 3. 2 U W U U WW W LT1166 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Input Bias Current vs Current Source Mismatch 150 OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) 100 INPUT BIAS CURRENT (A) 50 0 -50 -100 ITOP = IBOTTOM = 50mA 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 RIN = 20k OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) ITOP = IBOTTOM = 4mA -150 2.5 5.0 7.5 -10 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0 CURRENT SOURCE MISMATCH (%) Input Bias Current vs Temperature 3.0 2.9 INPUT BIAS CURRENT (A) 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 -50 -25 OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING (V) RL = ITOP = IBOTTOM = 15mA RIN = 4.3k 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 RTOP = RBOTTOM = 1k GAIN (dB) 50 25 0 75 TEMPERATURE (C) Closed-Loop Voltage Gain vs Frequency VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS SENSE RESISTORS (mV) ILIM PIN VOLTAGE REFERENCED TO VOUT (V) 2 1 0 -1 GAIN (dB) RL = RL =10 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 VS = 15V RIN = 4.3k ITOP = IBOTTOM = 12mA C1 = C2 = 500pF SEE FIGURE 8 0.01 0.1 1 FREQUENCY (MHz) 10 LT1166 * TPC07 -8 0.001 UW LT1166 * TPC01 Output Offset Voltage vs Current Source Mismatch 800 600 ITOP = IBOTTOM = 50mA 55 50 45 40 35 60 Output Offset Voltage vs Temperature RL = ITOP = IBOTTOM = 15mA RIN = 4.3k RIN = 2k 10 -800 -1.0 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 ITOP AND IBOTTOM MISMATCH (mA) LT1166 * TPC02 30 -50 -25 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 LT1166 * TPC03 Output Voltage vs Input Voltage 10 8 6 4 2 RIN = 4.3k C1 = C2 = 500pF RL = 10 SEE FIGURE 8 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Open-Loop Voltage Gain vs Frequency RL = RL =10 ITOP = IBOTTOM = 12mA VS = 15V RIN = 4.3k ITOP = IBOTTOM = 12mA C1 = C2 = 500pF SEE FIGURE 8 0.01 0.1 1 FREQUENCY (MHz) 10 LT1166 * TPC06 100 125 -10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 6 8 10 -20 0.001 LT1166 * TPC04 LT1166 * TPC05 Voltage Across Sense Resistors vs Temperature 24 22 20 18 16 SENSE + 1.25 Current Limit Pin Voltage vs Temperature VIN = 1.5V 1.20 PIN 7 TO PIN 3 1.15 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -50 -25 SENSE - 50 25 0 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 -1.15 -1.20 PIN 6 TO PIN 3 -1.25 -50 -25 50 25 0 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 LT1166 * TPC08 LT1166 * TPC09 3 LT1166 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Input Transconductance vs Supply Voltage 0.120 INPUT TRANSCONDUCTANCE (mhos) 10 25C 125C - 55C gmCC 0.100 0.090 0.080 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (%) 0.110 RL = 10 PO = 1W SEE FIGURE 8 1 SENSE PIN VOLTAGE REFERENCED TO VOUT (mV) -0.080 -0.090 -0.100 -0.110 -0.120 0 25C 125C - 55C VIN = 200mV RL = 0 RIN = 0 gmEE 1 2 345678 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) PIN FUNCTIONS VTOP (Pin 1): Pin 1 establishes the top side drive voltage for the output transistors. Operating supply current enters Pin 1 and a portion biases internal circuitry; Pin 1 current should be greater than 4mA. Pin 1 voltage is internally clamped to 12V with respect to VOUT and the pin current should be limited to 75mA maximum. VIN (Pin 2): Pin 2 is the input to a unity gain buffer which drives VOUT (Pin 3). During a fault condition (short circuit) the input impedance drops to 200 and the input current must be limited to 5mA or VIN to VOUT limited to less than 6V. VOUT (Pin 3): Pin 3 of the LT1166 is the output of a voltage control loop that maintains the output voltage at the input voltage. VBOTTOM (Pin 4): Pin 4 establishes the bottom side drive voltage for the output transistors. Operating supply current exits this pin; Pin 4 current should be greater than 4mA. Pin 4 voltage is internally clamped to - 12V with respect to VOUT and the pin current should be limited to 75mA maximum. SENSE - (Pin 5): The Sense - pin voltage is established by the current control loop and it controls the output quiescent current in the bottom side power device. Limit the maximum differential voltage between Pin 5 and Pin 3 to 6V during fault conditions. ILIM - (Pin 6): The negative side current limit, limits the voltage at VBOTTOM to VOUT during a negative fault condition. The maximum reverse voltage on Pin 6 with respect to VOUT is 6V. ILIM + (Pin 7): The positive side current limit, limits the voltage at VTOP to VOUT during a positive fault condition. The maximum reverse voltage on Pin 7 with respect to VOUT is - 6V. SENSE + (Pin 8): The Sense + pin voltage is established by the current control loop and it controls the output quiescent current in the top side power device. Limit the maximum differential voltage between Pin 8 and Pin 3 to 6V during fault conditions. 4 UW 9 Total Harmonic Distortion vs Frequency 1000 Sense Pin Voltage Referenced to VOUT vs Load Current VBOTTOM VTOP 100 0.1 10 RSENSE = 100 1 10 8 642 SINKING 0 2 468 SOURCING 10 10 0.01 0.01 0.1 1 10 FREQUENCY (kHz) 100 LT1166 * TPC11 LT1166 * TPC10 LOAD CURRENT (mA) LT1166 * TPC12 U U U LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Overvoltage Protection The supplies VTOP (Pin 1) and VBOTTOM (Pin 4) have clamp diodes that turn on when they exceed 12V. These diodes act as ESD protection and serve to protect the LT1166 when used with large power MOS devices that produce high VGS voltage. Current into Pin 1 or Pin 4 should be limited to 75mA maximum. Multiplier Operation Figure 2 shows the current multiplier circuit internal to the LT1166 and how it works in conjunction with power output transistors. The supply voltages VT (top) and VB (bottom) of the LT1166 are set by the required "on" voltage of the power devices. A reference current IREF sets a constant VBE7 and VBE8. This voltage is across emitter base of Q9 and Q10 which are 1/10 the emitter area of Q7 and Q8. The expression for this current multiplier is: VBE7 + VBE8 = VBE9 + VBE10 or in terms of current: (IC9)(IC10) = (IREF)2/100 = Constant The product of IC9 and IC10 is constant. These currents are mirrored and set the voltage on the (+) inputs of a pair of RT 1k 1 V+ VTOP IREF SHUNT REGULATOR Q7 x 10 Q8 x 10 Q9 x1 Q10 x1 + - VBOTTOM RB 1k Figure 2. Constant Product Generator - IREF 10 VAB+ 1 1k 3 1k VAB- 1 5 VO 4 U 8 W + U U internal op amps. The feedback of the op amps force the same voltage on the (-) inputs and these voltages then appear on the sense resistors in series with the power devices. The product of the two currents in the power devices is constant, as one increases the other decreases. The excellent logging nature of Q9 and Q10 allows this relation to hold over many decades in current. The total current in Q7 and Q8 is actually the sum of IREF and a small error current from the shunt regulator. During high output current conditions the error current from the regulator decreases. Current conducted by the regulator also decreases allowing VT or VB to increase by an amount needed to drive the power devices. Driving the Input Stage Figure 3 shows the input transconductance stage of the LT1166 that provides a way to drive VT and VB. When a positive voltage VIN is applied to RIN, a small input current flows into R2 and the emitter of Q2. This effect causes VO to follow VIN within the gain error of the amplifier. The input current is then mirrored by Q3/Q4 and current supplied to Q4's collector is sourced by power device M1. The signal current in Q4's emitter is absorbed by external resistor RB and this causes VB to rise by the same amount RT 1k 1 V+ M1 VTOP Q6 x 32 CEXT1 Q1 Q5 x1 M1 1 RIN 2 R2 VIN Q2 Q12 1 R1 Q11 3 VO Q4 x 32 Q3 x1 4 VBOTTOM M2 RB 1k V- 1166 * F03 M2 CEXT2 V- 1166 * F02 Figure 3. Input Stage Driving Gates 5 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION as VIN. Similarly for VT, when positive voltage is applied to RIN, current that was flowing in R1 and Q1 is now supplied through RIN. This effect reduces the current in mirror Q5/ Q6. The reduced current has the effect of reducing the drop on RT, and VT rises to make VO track VIN. The open-loop voltage gain VO/(VIN - VPIN2) can be increased by replacing RT and RB with current sources. The effect of this is to increase the voltage gain VOUT/ VIN from approximately 0.8 to 1 (see Typical Performance Characteristics curves). The use of current sources instead of resistors greatly increases loop gain and this compensates for the nonlinearity of the output stage resulting in much lower distortion. Frequency Compensation and Stability The input transconductance is set by the input resistor RIN and the 32:1 current mirrors Q3/Q4 and Q5/Q6. The resistors R1 and R2 are small compared to the value of RIN. Current in RIN appears 32 times larger in Q4 or Q6, which drive external compensation capacitors CEXT1 and CEXT2. These two input signal paths appear in parallel to give an input transconductance of: gm = 16/RIN The gain bandwidth is: Driving Capacitive Loads Ideally, amplifiers have enough phase margin that they don't oscillate but just slow down with capacitive loads. Practically, amplifiers that drive significant power require some isolation from heavy capacitive loads to prevent oscillation. This isolation is normally an inductor in series with the output of the amplifier. A 1H inductor in parallel with a 10 resistor is sufficient for many applications. Setting Output AB Bias Current Setting the output AB quiescent current requires no adjustments. The internal op amps force VAB = 20mV between each Sense (Pins 5 and 8) to the Output (Pin 3). At quiescent levels the output current is set by: IAB = 20mV/RSENSE The LT1166 does not require a heat sink or mounting on the heat sink for thermal tracking. The temperature coefficient of VAB is approximately 0.3%/C and is set by the junction temperature of the LT1166 and not the temperature of the power transistors. Output Offset Voltage and Input Bias Current The output offset voltage is a function of the value of RIN and the mismatch between external current sources ITOP and IBOTTOM (see the Typical Performance Characteristics curves). Any error in ITOP and IBOTTOM match is reduced by the 32:1 input current mirror, but is multiplied by the input resistor RIN. Current Limit The voltage to activate the current limit is 1.3V. The simplest way to protect the output transistors is to connect the Current Limit pins 6 and 7 to the Sense pins 5 and 8. A current limit of 1.3A can be set by using 1 sense resistors. To keep the current limit circuit from oscillating in hard limit, it is necessary to add an RC (1k and 1F) between the Sense pin and the ILIM as shown in Figure 1. The sense resistors can be tapped up or down to increase or decrease the current limit without changing AB bias current in the power transistors. Figure 4 demonstrates 16 2(RIN)(CEXT) Depending on the speed of the output devices, typical values are RIN = 4.3k and CEXT1 = CEXT2 = 500pF giving a - 3dB bandwidth of 1.2MHz (see Typical Performance Characteristics curves). GBW = To prevent instability it is important to provide good supply bypassing as shown in Figure 1. Large supply bypass capacitors (220F) and short power leads can eliminate instabilities at these high current levels. The 100 resistors (R2 and R3) in series with the gates of the output devices stop oscillations in the 100MHz region as do the 100 resistors R1 and R4 in Figure 1. 6 U W U U LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION how tapping the sense resistors gives twice the limit current or one half the limit current. Foldback current limit can be added to the normal or "square" current limit by including two resistors (30k typical) from the power supplies to the ILIM pins as shown in Figure 5. With square current limit the maximum output current is independent of the voltage across the power V+ OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 1 VTOP SENSE + 8 0.5 ILIM + RIN VIN 2 7 0.5 VIN LT1166 VOUT ILIM - SENSE - 3 1 (1/2)(ILIM) 1 5 VBOTTOM 4 VOUT (2)(ILIM) 6 V- 1166 * F04 Figure 4. Tapping Current Limit Resistors 15V 20mA 100 30k IRFR024 + 330pF 1 VTOP SENSE + 8 ILIM + 5.1k 2 7 1k 1F 10 mA 1F 1k 10 VOUT VIN LT1166 VOUT ILIM - SENSE - VBOTTOM 4 3 6 5 100 IRFR9024 20mA 30k -15V 1166 * F05 330pF Figure 5. Unity Gain Buffer Amp with Foldback Current Limit U W U U devices. Foldback limit simply makes the output current dependent on output voltage. This scheme puts dissipation limits on the output devices. The larger the voltage across the power device, the lower the available output current. This is represented in Figure 6, Output Voltage vs Output Current for the circuit of Figure 5. 200 160 120 80 40 0 -40 -80 -120 -160 SQUARE ILIM- FOLDBACK ILIM- FOLDBACK ILIM+ SQUARE ILIM+ -200 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 8 10 LT1166 * F06 Figure 6. Output Current vs Output Voltage Driving the Shunt Regulator It is possible to current drive the shunt regulator directly without driving the input transconductance stage. This has the advantage of higher speed and eliminates the need to compensate the gm stage. With Pin 2 floating, the LT1166 can be placed inside a feedback loop and driven through the biasing current sources. The input transconductance stage remains biased but has no effect on circuit operation. The RL in Figure 7 is used to modulate the op amp supply current with input signal. This op amp functions as a V-to-I with the supply leads acting as current source outputs. The load resistor and the positive input of the op amp are connected to the output of the LT1166 for feedback to set AV = 1V/V. The capacitor CF eliminates output VOS due to mismatch between ITOP and IBOTTOM, and it also forms a pole at DC and a zero at 1/RFCF. The zero frequency is selected to give a -1V/V gain in the op amp before the phase of the MOSFETs degenerate the stability of the loop. 7 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION APPLICATION CIRCUITS Bipolar Buffer Similar to the unity gain buffer in Figure 1, the LT1166 can be used to bias bipolar transistors as shown in Figure 8. The minimum operating voltage for the LT1166 is 2V, so it is necessary to bias the part with adequate voltage from the output stage. The simplest way to do this is to use Darlington drivers and series diodes. There are no thermal tracking circuits or adjustments necessary and the LT1166 does not need to be mounted on the heat sink with the power devices. RTOP and RBOTTOM can be used to replace ITOP and IBOTTOM; see Typical Characteristics curves. IT M1 1 VTOP RF RIN VIN CF SENSE + 8 4.7k VIN 2 VIN LT1166 VOUT - ILIM + 7 1 ILIM 6 2 VIN LT1166 VOUT ILIM - 3 1 6 RL SENSE - VBOTTOM 4 M2 IB V- 1166 * F07 5 500pF 47 -15V Figure 7. Current Source Drive Figure 8. Bipolar Buffer Amp 8 + U W U U 15V 47 RTOP 2N2907 ITOP = 15mA 100 2N2222 + 220F 100 2N2907 V+ 5.6k 500pF 1 VTOP SENSE + 8 IN4001 TIP29 ILIM + 7 150 3 150 1 1 VOUT 10 + - VOUT SENSE - VBOTTOM 4 IBOT = 15mA 2N2222 100 2N2222 RBOTTOM 100 2N2907 5 IN4001 TIP30 220F 1166 * F08 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Adding Voltage Gain The circuit in Figure 9 adds voltage gain to the circuit in Figure 1. At low frequency the LT1166 is in the feedback loop of the LT1360 so the gain error and the VOS are reduced and the closed-loop gain is 10V/V. + 440F 15V VIN 1k 3 + LT1360 7 6 4 2 - CF 500pF 500pF Figure 9. Power Op Amp AV = 10 INPUT 0V INPUT OUTPUT 0V OUTPUT 1166 * F10 Figure 10. Power Amp Driving 1 Load Figure 11. Power Amp at 6A Current Limit + 100 U W U U LT1004-2.5 110 MPS2907 5.1k 15mA 100 IRF530 300pF VT 0.1F 1 SENSE + ILIM + 8 7 1k 1F 3 1F 1k 0.33 0.33 VOUT 1 39k LT1166 2 VIN VOUT ILIM - SENSE - 6 5 0.1F VBOT 4 5.1k 100 15mA IRF9530 300pF LT1004 2.5 909 MPS2222 110 -15V 1166 * F09 440F 0V 0V 1166 * F11 9 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 1A Adjustable Voltage Reference The circuit in Figure 12 uses the LT1166 in a feedback loop with the LT1431 to make a voltage reference with an "attitude." This 5V reference can drive 1A and maintain 0.4% tolerance at the output. If other output voltages are desired, external resistors can be used instead of the LT1431's internal 5k resistors. HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATION CIRCUITS In order to use op amps in high voltage applications it is necessary to use techniques that confine the amplifier's common mode voltage to its output. The following applications utilize amplifiers operating in suspended-supply operation (Figure 13). See "Linear Technology Magazine" Volume IV Number 2 for a discussion of suspended supplies. The gain setting resistors used in suspendedsupply operation must be tight tolerance or the gain will be wrong. For example: with 1% resistors the gain can be as far off as 75%, but with 0.1% resistors that error is cut to less than 5%. Using the values shown in Figure 13, the formula for computing the gain is: 4 7 8 REF 3 V+ RTOP RMID 5k + - 2.5V LT1431 GND/SENSE- 5 GND FORCE 6 100 SENSE - VBOTTOM 4 5 5k Figure 12. 1A, 5V Voltage Reference R8 1k R7 10k IN R9 9.1k Figure 13. Op Amp in Suspended-Supply Operation 10 + - U 1k 1 W U U AV = R8(R9 + R10) = -11.22 (R8 * R9) - (R7 * R10) 12V 100 IRF530 12V 100 1 VTOP SENSE + 8 12V 2k 2 ILIM + 7 1k 1F 1 VIN LT1166 VOUT ILIM - 3 1F 6 1k + 1 220F 5VOUT COL 100 IRF9530 1166 * F12 OUT R10 1k 1166 * F13 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Parallel Operation Parallel operation is an effective way to get more output power by connecting multiple power drivers. All that is required is a small ballast resistor to ensure current sharing between the drivers and an isolation inductor to keep the drivers apart at high frequency. In Figure 14 one power slice can deliver 6A at 100VPK, or 300W RMS into 16. The addition of another slice boosts the power output to 600W RMS into 8 and the addition of two or more drivers theoretically raises the power output to 1200W RMS into 4. Due to IR loss across the sense 15V + 10F FB R15 390 R9* 9.1k LT1004-2.5 12.5V 3 R14 1k C4 0.1F R10* 1k + - R8* 1k 7 LT1360 6 180H 2 4 ILIM VIN R7* 10k -12.5V R16 390 LT1004-2.5 FB + -15V 10F R13 200 C3 3300pF ~ 110V AC + + + DIODE BRIDGE C7 1000F 35V C8 1000F 35V 7815 + + 15V C5 220F 25V C6 220F 25V -15V ~- 7915 AUXILARY SUPPLIES * 0.1% RESISTORS ** 4 TURNS T37-52 (MICROMETALS) *** 6 TURNS T80-52 (MICROMETALS) Figure 14. 350W Shaker Table Amplifier U W U U resistors, the FET RON resistance at 10A, and some sagging of the power supply, the circuit of Figure 14 actually delivers 350W RMS into 8. Performance photos and a THD vs frequency plot are included in Figure 15 through 18. Frequency compensation is provided by the 2k input resistor, 180H inductor and the 1nF compensation capacitors. The common node in the auxiliary power supplies is connected to amplifier output to generate the floating 15V supplies. POWER SLICE R1 100 2N3906 R2 100 100V IRF230 1nF 1 VTOP SENSE + 8 R5 1k C1 1F C2 R6 1F 1k R3 0.22 R4 0.22 R17 0.22 ILIM RIN 2k LT1166 2 VIN + 7 VOUT - 3 6 SENSE - VBOTTOM 4 1nF 5 R11 100 IRF9240 -100V L1** 0.4H 2N3904 R12 100 POWER SLICE 1 L3*** 1.5H 10A FAST-BLOW 1166 * F14 VOUT 11 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION U W U U 1166 * F15 1166 * F17 Figure 15. 0.3% THD at 10kHz, PO = 350W, RL = 8 Figure 17. 2kHz Square-Wave, CL = 1F 1.0 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (%) PO = 350W R L = 8 0.1 0.01 10 100 10k 1k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k LT1166 * F18 1166 * F16 Figure 16. Clipping at 1kHz, RL = 8 Figure 18. THD vs Frequency 100W Audio Power Amplifier The details of a low distortion audio amplifier are shown in Figure 19. The LT1360, designated U1, was chosen for its good CMRR and is operated in suspended-supply mode at a closed-loop gain of - 26.5V/V. The 15V supplies of U1 are effectively bootstrapped by the output at point D and are generated as shown in Figure 14. A 3VP-P signal at VIN will cause an 80VPP output at point A. Resistors 7 to 10 set the gain of - 26.5V/V of U1, while C1 compensates for the additional pole generated by the CMRR of U1. The rest of the circuit (point A to point D) is an ultralow distortion unity-gain buffer. The main component in the unity-gain buffer is U4 (LT1166). This controller performs two important functions, first it modifies the DC voltage between the gates of M1 and M2 by keeping the product of the voltage across R20 and R21 constant. Its secondary role is to perform current limit, protecting M1 and M2 during short circuit. The function of U3 is to drive the gates of M1 and M2. This amplifier's real output is not point C as it appears, but rather the Power Supply pins. Current through R6 is used to modulate the supply current and thus provide drive to VTOP and VBOTTOM. Because the output impedance of U3 (through its supply pins) is very high, it is not able to drive the capacitive inputs of M1 and M2 with the combination of speed and accuracy needed to have very low distortion at 20kHz. The purposes of U2 are to drive the gate capacitance of M1 and M2 through its low output impedance and to reduce the nonlinearty of the M1 and M2 transconductance. R24, C4 set a frequency above which U2 no longer looks after U3 and U4, but just looks after itself as its gain goes through unity. R1/R2 and C2/C3 are compensation components for the CMRR feedthough. Curves showing the performance of the amplifier are shown in Figures 20 through 22. 12 50V LT1009-2.5 2N3906 R17 500 R1 100 A C3 470pF R5 3.3k C 3 B R4 1k ILIM + 7 6 2 3 7 C5 3300pF 8 R19 1k C10 1F R20 0.22 VTOP SENSE + R3 10k 1 M1 IRF530 R16 30 C9 0.01F R18 100 R11 100 22F - 15V ** C12 0.1F 22F VIN D APPLICATIONS INFORMATION + C13 4 2 U2 LT1363 - R2 100 R24 2.4k C2 470pF R10* 1k 4 R6 160 C1 10pF R9* 9.6k * 0.1% RESISTORS ** SEE POWER SUPPLY OF FIGURE 13 2N3904 LT1009-2.5 1166 * F18 Figure 19. 100W Audio Amplifier + + 4 2 C4 20pF - + 2 U3 LT1360 U4 V VIN OUT LT1166 ILIM - SENSE - VBOTTOM 4 R13 30 C7 0.01F R14 500 U1 LT1360 6 + 6 3 7 L1 1H VOUT 6 C11 R22 1F 1k R21 0.22 R23 10 5 R15 100 M2 IRF9530 + R12 100 + C6 22F - 15V ** -50V C14 0.1F C15 22F U - 3 7 W R7* 10k R8* 1k U U + C8 + LT1166 13 LT1166 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION U W U U RL = 8 f = 8kHz 1166 * F20 RL = 8 f = 20kHz 1166 * F21 Figure 20. Square Wave Response Into 8 Figure 21. 100W 20kHz Sine Wave and Its Distortion 0.1 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (%) RL = 8 POWER OUT = 100W 0.01 0.001 10 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k LT1166 * F21 Figure 22. THD vs Frequency 14 LT1166 SI PLIFIED SCHEMATIC 1 VTOP Q6 x 32 Q5 x1 IREF Q1 R1 200 Q11 VIN 2 R2 200 Q12 Q2 SHUNT REGULATOR Q7 x 10 Q8 x 10 IREF 10 Q9 x1 Q10 x1 + - Q4 x 32 Q3 x1 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted. N8 Package 8-Lead PDIP (Narrow 0.300) (LTC DWG # 05-08-1510) 0.400* (10.160) MAX 8 7 6 5 0.255 0.015* (6.477 0.381) 1 0.300 - 0.325 (7.620 - 8.255) 2 3 0.045 - 0.065 (1.143 - 1.651) 0.009 - 0.015 (0.229 - 0.381) 0.065 (1.651) TYP 0.005 (0.127) MIN 0.100 0.010 (2.540 0.254) 0.125 (3.175) MIN 0.018 0.003 (0.457 0.076) 0.015 (0.380) MIN ( +0.025 0.325 -0.015 +0.635 8.255 -0.381 ) *THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010 INCH (0.254mm) Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. - + U W W 8 SENSE+ VAB + 7 ILIM+ 1k 3 VOUT 1k 6 ILIM- VAB - 5 SENSE- 4 VBOTTOM 1166 * SS 4 0.130 0.005 (3.302 0.127) N8 0695 15 LT1166 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION U Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted. S8 Package 8-Lead Plastic Small Outline (Narrow 0.150) (LTC DWG # 05-08-1610) 8 0.189 - 0.197* (4.801 - 5.004) 7 6 5 0.228 - 0.244 (5.791 - 6.197) 0.150 - 0.157** (3.810 - 3.988) 1 0.010 - 0.020 x 45 (0.254 - 0.508) 0.008 - 0.010 (0.203 - 0.254) 0- 8 TYP 2 3 4 0.053 - 0.069 (1.346 - 1.752) 0.004 - 0.010 (0.101 - 0.254) 0.016 - 0.050 0.406 - 1.270 *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE 0.014 - 0.019 (0.355 - 0.483) 0.050 (1.270) BSC SO8 0695 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER LT1010 LT1105 LT1206 LT1210 LT1270A LT1360 LT1363 DESCRIPTION Fast 150mA Power Buffer Off-Line Switching Regulator 250mA/60MHz Current Feedback Amplifier 1A/40MHz Current Feedback Amplifier 10A High Efficiency Switching Regulator 50MHz, 800V/s Op Amp 70MHz, 800V/s Op Amp COMMENTS Ideal for Boosting Op Amp Output Current Generate High Power Supplies C-LoadTM Op Amp with Shutdown and 900V/s Slew Rate C-Load Op Amp with Shutdown and 700V/s Slew Rate Use as Battery Boost Converter 15V, Ideal for Driving Capacitive Loads 15V, Very High Speed, C-Load C-Load is a registered trademark of Linear Technology 16 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 q FAX: (408) 434-0507 q TELEX: 499-3977 LT/GP 1195 6K * PRINTED IN USA (c) LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1995 |
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